ABSTRACT
Acute aortic dissection is considered a potentially fatal condition. Neurologic manifestations such as paraplegia are quite rare. We report a case of acute paraplegia in a hypertensive smoker chronic obstructive lung disease patient. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a dissection flap starting at the aortic annulus and extending to the descending thoracic aorta. Computed tomographic aortography confirmed the diagnosis with a dissection flap extended from the aortic annulus to the entire distal aorta. The patient was referred to another specialized cardiothoracic center, but unfortunately, he died during the surgery.
Introduction
Acute aortic dissection is the most common cause of death among all aortic pathological conditions. In cases of aortic dissection, the layers of the media are dissected by a column of blood through an intimal tear with variable degrees of proximal and distal extension within the length of the aorta. A wide range of symptoms and signs is linked to either rupture or occlusion of a major vessel.[1]
Pain is the most common classical symptom. Rarely, aortic dissection can be painless. In rare occasions (2%–5% of the patients), acute paraplegia can manifest mainly if the intercostal arteries are involved by the aortic dissection.[1]
Case Report
A 55-year-old hypertensive chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) heavy smoker male patient, not compliant on his medical therapy, presented with acute exacerbation of COPD. On clinical examination, he was distressed and tachypneic with diffuse expiratory wheezes all over his chest and his blood pressure was 140/90 mmHg. Arterial blood gases revealed hypoxia and severe respiratory acidosis, so he was mechanically ventilated. After 1 day, he started to improve and weaned from mechanical ventilation safely. After weaning, he started to complaint of acute onset of paraplegia without any chest or abdominal or back pain. Clinical examination revealed a motor loss in both lower limbs together with a sensory loss to the level of T9 with loss of bilateral peripheral pulsations from the femoral arteries downward. Electrocardiogram showed 0.5 mm ST elevation in the inferoposterior leads. Laboratory investigations revealed elevated cardiac enzymes and renal and hepatic functions. His chest X-ray showed a wide mediastinum. Urgent transthoracic echocardiography [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4] revealed a dilated aorta with a dissection flap extending from the aortic annulus to the aortic arch, the descending thoracic and the abdominal aorta with severe aortic regurgitation and a preserved left ventricular function with no regional wall motion abnormalities. Urgent computed tomographic aortography [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7] showed an intimal tear at aortic arch extending proximally to the aortic annulus and distally to involve the entire aorta up to the left iliac artery affecting several arteries in its course, namely right coronary, innominate, left common carotid, left subclavian, intercostals, superior mesenteric, splenic, hepatic, left renal, left iliac arteries, and partially affecting right renal artery. He was referred for urgent surgery in another highly specialized cardiothoracic center where he, unfortunately, died during the operation.
Discussion
Acute aortic dissection is a sudden pathological aortic condition where blood passes through an intimal tear dissecting the layers of the aortic media, resulting in the formation of a false lumen. A wide variety of symptoms can occur according to the involved branches. A wide range of clinical presentation can be associated with aortic dissection, including confusion or coma from cerebral hypoperfusion or even stroke, electrocardiographic changes, or even elevated cardiac troponin levels, indicating cardiac hypoperfusion and myocardial dysfunction such as inferior ST-elevation myocardial infarction, loss of pulses, sensory function, or motor function due to iliofemoral or brachiocephalic hypoperfusion, creatinine elevation or low urine output due to renal hypoperfusion if the renal vessels were affected by the aortic dissection flap, paraplegia due to spinal hypoperfusion if intercostal blood vessels were affected or mesenteric hypoperfusion resulting in abdominal tenderness, bowel ischemia, or elevated liver enzymes.[2]
In 2%–5% of cases, paraplegia can manifest when intercostal arteries arise from the false lumen of the dissection,[1] resulting in abrupt obstruction of the spinal arteries with interruption of blood flow to the spinal cord, especially to the crucial zones, lower thorax, and lumbar segments.[3] Hence, ischemia of the spinal cord contributes to aortic dissection-related neurological syndromes with a sudden onset of motor weakness and paresthesia (paraplegia)[3] and aortic dissection that presents primarily as paraplegia is rare.[4],[5] Painless paraplegia is an extremely rare clinical presentation of aortic dissection with only few case reports in the literature.[6] Aortic dissection is associated with very poor prognosis unless treated promptly.[7] It is very crucial to differentiate between paraplegia caused by aortic dissection from other spinal vascular pathologic conditions that cause painless paraplegia. High index of suspicion, rapid diagnosis, and properly timed intervention are associated with complete recovery from aortic dissection-induced paraplegia.[7]
Conclusion
Acute paraplegia is considered a rare clinical presentation of acute aortic dissection, and it can occur even with no chest or back pain. In patients who have absent bilateral femoral pulse and abrupt onset of paraplegia even if painless, acute aortic dissection must be considered with prompt diagnosis, and urgent intervention is necessary to reduce morbidity and mortality of this fatal condition.
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Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
