ABSTRACT
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a novel method for patients with severe aortic stenosis at high surgical risk. Although short‑ and medium‑term outcomes after TAVI are encouraging, long‑term data on valve function and clinical outcomes are limited. Hence, our case can make a contribution to literature. An 80‑year‑old patient with severe aortic stenosis underwent TAVI in our clinic in October 2015. After 5 months, she admitted to our emergency department with severe dyspnea. Her symptoms were started within 2 days and getting worse day by day. Echocardiography revealed us a severe aortic regurgitation due to dislocation of the valve to the left ventricular outflow tract side. After diagnosis, aortic regurgitation was treated by valve‑in‑valve technique. TAVI may provide an alternative therapeutic approach to ineligible or poor surgical candidates of degenerative aortic stenosis. However, this technique also has some complications such as mortality, atrioventricular (AV) block, stroke, and coronary obstruction. Valve embolization is an another rare complication of this procedure and usually can be prevented by careful preprocedure annulus measurements, stable lead positioning for rapid pacing, optimal valve positioning, full balloon inflation at the time of valve deployment, and complete balloon deflation before stopping rapid pacing. At this point, our case became important for the complication literature with its time, about 5 months. Because it is the more recently used technique, we need much more time to detect the usefulness and complications of TAVI and learn how to avoid these complications.
Introduction
Degenerative aortic stenosis is the most commonly acquired valvular heart disease in adults, with a prevalence of 4% in patients over 80 years of age. In symptomatic patients, surgical aortic valve replacement has been the treatment of choice for 40 years.[1] However, especially for the older ages, up to 30%–60% of cases are considered too high risk for open-heart surgery.[2],[3],[4] Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been introduced in 2002 by Cribier et al. to treat older surgical high-risk patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis.[5]
The EuroSCORE and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score are the most widely used risk scores to predict operative mortality in cardiac surgery.[6]
Case Report
The patient with severe aortic stenosis was hospitalized; after a multidisciplinary discussion by the heart team, the patient was planned for TAVI using the Edwards SAPIEN valve through a transfemoral approach [Figure 1]. When this procedure was administered, the patient was morbidly obese with 40.8 body mass index (BMI). After 5 months, she was admitted to our hospital with severe dyspnea and decreased effort capacity that worsened day by day. Her medical therapy was started immediately and evaluated for the reason. During her examination, echocardiography revealed us a severe aortic regurgitation due to dislocation of the vale to the left ventricular outflow tract. After hemodynamic stability facilitated, she was taken to laboratory and 26 mm CoreValve Evolut R was implanted as valve-in-valve technique [Figure 2] and [Figure 3]. No acute complication occurred; after 5-day hospitalization, she was discharged. At the second administration, her BMI was 29.2; she lost 29 kg in 7 weeks, which can be the cause of valve migration.
Discussion
The recently introduced Valve Academic Research Consortium 1[7] and 2[8] criteria may help to standardize the documentation of postoperative complications such as myocardial infarction, stroke, bleeding, acute kidney injury, vascular complications, and valve performance, as well as the risk of mortality. Malpositioning, valve migration/embolization, conversion to open surgery, renal failure, need for pacemaker implantation, stroke, and myocardial infarct are other major complications following TAVI.[9] Blocking the coronary ostia and limiting the anterior mitral leaflet mobility and atrioventricular (AV) conduction system are some frequently encountered perioperative complications.[10]
Prosthesis embolization immediately after deployment is usually the result of prosthesis/annulus mismatch (implantation of a prosthesis which has been undersized for the annulus), unduly high implantation, or ejection of the device by an effective ventricular contraction during deployment. Embolization to the aorta is usually well tolerated provided coaxial wire position is maintained, preventing the valve from flipping over to obstruct antegrade flow.
Retrograde migration of the prosthetic valve following TAVI is rare. It can occur during the procedure, within the first few days after the procedure or subsequently. The first step in developing a solution is to identify the contributing factors for migration. These range from prosthesis malpositioning (i.e., too low), suboptimal valve expansion, and uneven or insufficient aortic annulus calcification, leading to inadequate prosthesis fixation, aortic paravalvular regurgitation, valve undersizing, and anatomical or functional bicuspid valves.
Transcatheter heart valve (THV) migration into the left ventricle has been described 2–43 days after deployment and is associated with cardiogenic shock or disruption of mitral valve function. Mechanisms responsible for downward THV migration can include native leaflet overhang postdeployment, exerting downward force on the THV, or limited anchoring of the THV from low deployment in a relatively large and nonseverely calcified annulus or from deployment of a THV that is too small for the native aortic valve annulus. Although rare, delayed THV migration should be suspected when there is a worsening of the patient's clinical status or unfavorable THV hemodynamic profile (increasing mean gradient or worsening regurgitation) on follow-up echocardiographic examination.
Conclusion
Because it is the more recently used technique, we need much more time to detect the usefulness and complications of TAVI. With the latest time of migration (about 150 days), our case became so important for the complications of TAVI.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
