ABSTRACT
The best anthropometric index has not been established to investigate the relationship between hypertension and obesity. Since a similar study was not conducted in Bojnurd, we began to investigate the comparison of anthropometric indices (body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip and waist-to-height ratios) in predicting the risk of hypertension.
The present cross-sectional study was conducted on women referring to Bojnurd health centers. For analyzing the data, we used t-test, Chi-square, logistic regression, and the receiver operating characteristic curve in SPSS 19 software.
The prevalence of blood pressure was 53.4% (confidence interval = 46.8–60). All four anthropometric indicators were used as a screening tool for hypertension diagnosis; however, body mass index (BMI) had a higher sub-curved surface than other anthropometric indices (area under curve = 0.717). The cutoff point of BMI for predicting the risk of hypertension was 25.6.
This study suggested that BMI as an anthropometric indicator to evaluate the risk of hypertension. Since a significant percentage of people are unaware of the existence of hypertension, continuing education is needed to encourage people to pay more attention to this problem.
Keywords: Body mass index, hypertension, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio
Introduction
Urbanization, industrialization, and population growth have led to an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases worldwide. Obesity as a risk factor for noncommunicable diseases is one of the most important public health problems worldwide.[1] Obesity refers to the abnormal accumulation of fat in the body tissue.[2] The prevalence of obesity is increasing, and obese people are prone to chronic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers.[3] Due to its economic burden, choosing the best measure to monitor the complications of obesity in the population is very important. Body mass index (BMI) is the most commonly used index for assessing obesity. Other anthropometric indices, such as waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratios (WHtR), have recently been suggested and are considered for the distribution of fat in the body.[4],[5] The WC gives us information on how the body's fat is distributed, indicating abdominal obesity.[6] Some environmental factors, including obesity, are effective in high blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension in obese people is higher than in normal people,[5] and it varies from one country to another, from 10% to over 60% in different countries.[7] About 18% of global deaths have been attributed to hypertension. It causes one of the eight deaths in the world.[8] It is the most important health issue in developed and developing countries.[9] The prevalence of hypertension in the 25–64 years' Iranian population was 22.1% in 2015.[10] The risk of developing hypertension in individuals with abnormal BMI is proportional to the increase in WC.[5] North Khorasan Province has been ranked first regarding age-related blood pressure in women. The prevalence of hypertension in women of North Khorasan province is 42.7%.[11],[12] Hence, using simple and inexpensive methods to diagnose, especially the distribution of obesity in the body, help us to identify people at high risk for chronic diseases such as blood pressure. By decreasing the prevalence of obesity, through prevention and education, we will see a significant reduction in the prevalence of hypertension. Since a similar study has not been conducted in Bojnurd, this study was done to determine the best anthropometric index and determine the optimal cutoff point for each of these indicators to predict the risk of hypertension.
Materials and Methods
Ethics
This article was approved by the code “93P767” in North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. We get consent from each participant.
Study design
The present study was a cross-sectional study, and the statistical population was women referring to health centers in Bojnurd. We used cross-sectional sample size formula, based on the prevalence of hypertension 30%, accuracy of 0.06%, and confidence level of 95% to estimate the sample size. Finally, we examined 230 people. We used multistage sampling methods from health centers of Bojnurd in five geographic regions of North, South, East, West, and Center. Then, we chose one center randomly from each region. We randomly selected the participants from the centers. Then, we conducted the coordination (on a telephone) for them who were willing to participate in the study after explaining the purpose of the study for them and getting consent; then, we measured anthropometric indices of each one in the health center. The criteria for entry were all women (married) referred to health centers, in which, they were willing to participate in the study. Excluded criteria were as follows: not having a history of exercise and exercise therapy to control or reduce weight gain. After obtaining satisfaction, the questions were asked by the trained person using a questionnaire and an interview. We measured hypertension, with pressure gauge. People, with systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic pressure ≥90 mmHg, were considered as people with hypertension based on the definition of hypertension published by the Seventh Joint National Committee on Prevention. The weight of the participants was measured using an Omron digital scale manufactured in Japan. Furthermore, a meter was used to measure the height of the people in cm. The BMI was obtained as weight (in kg) divided by the square of the height (in m2). The hip circumference was also measured similar to the WC at the widest part of the buttocks, and then WHR calculated by dividing the WC to the hip circumference in cm. The WC was also divided by the height to obtain WHtR.
Statistics
To analyze the data, we used t-test, logistic regression model, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC), Youden's Index (J), and the maximum potential effectiveness of a biomarker to measure the power of each anthropometric index in predicting the risk of hypertension in SPSS 19 software, version 19.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) by using 95% of confidence interval level.
Results
In this cross-sectional study, 230 women were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the women, who participate in the study, was 41.1 ± 15.2 years, with an average pregnancy rate of 3 ± 0.14. The prevalence of blood pressure was 53.4% (confidence interval = 46.8–60). Demographic characteristics of the study are shown in [Table 1].
The mean anthropometric indices of BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR were higher in participants with hypertension than those without hypertension (P < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in physical activity between the two groups (P = 0.02). The odds ratio of hypertension obtained from anthropometric indices before and after adaptation for age variables, occupation, level of education, number of pregnancies, and physical activity is shown in [Table 2].
In the first model, from four anthropometric indices, BMI, and WHR had a significant relationship with the risk of hypertension. After entering the confounding variables, BMI, WC, and WHtR showed a significant relationship, so that the risk of hypertension in people with BMI ≥27 greater than <27. To compare the predictive power of anthropometric indices, for the risk of hypertension, we used the ROC curve and the sub-curved surface (AUC) [Figure 1].
To determine the risk of hypertension, the best cutoff point for anthropometric indices is shown in [Table 3]. The best cutoff point for BMI was 25.65 kg/m2. Furthermore, the cutoff point of WHtR was 0.52, and the cut-off point of WHR was 0.94. The cut-off point of WC was 101, although WC had a lower surface area under the ROC curve than other anthropometric indices.
For comparison in pairs between BMI and WC, P = 0.0012; however, the surface area under the ROC curve was higher in BMI. Similar to BMI versus WHR: 0.015 and BMI versus WHtR: 0.0057. For comparison in pairs between WC versus WHR, P = 0.12, WC versus WHtR: 0.2 and WHR versus WHtR: 0.38, which means WC, WHR, and WHtR had similar predictive power in the risk of hypertension.
Discussion
In this study, all four anthropometric indicators were significantly different between the two groups with and without hypertension;[13] however, BMI had a higher AUC than other anthropometric indices like study conducted by Fuchs.[14] However, in a study that conducted in Spanish, the AUC for BMI was significantly higher than the AUCs for WC and WHtR like this study (AUC = 0.717).[15] Some study shows WHtR is a better predictor for hypertension, which is contradicted with this study.[16]
Waist-to-hip indices were a good predictor for the risk of hypertension in some studies, which was contradicted with this study.[17] However, such studies have shown that WC is most closely correlated with changes in blood pressure.[18],[19] In this study, results showed that BMI, WC, and WHtR had a significant relationship with the risk of hypertension after controlling for confounders such as age, occupation, level of education, number of pregnancies, and physical activity. Furthermore, by analyzing ROC curves, it showed that BMI is the best prediction for the risk of hypertension compared to other anthropometric indicators. WHR, WC, and WHtR are also showed similar predictive power. In a cross-sectional study conducted by Liu, the AUC values did not differ between BMI, WC, and WHtR for prediction of hypertension, which was different with this study.[20]
In a meta-analysis study, in the world that compared WC, WHtR, and BMI indices, WHtR was the best indicator for measuring obesity.[21] In the study conducted by Zabetian in Tehran,[22] the cutoff point for WC was 94.5 as a predictor for the risk of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, according to the National Committee of Obstetrics, WC ≥90 had been suggested for obesity, which was different with this study. This committee recommends a WC ≥95 cm for appropriate medical interventions. Our estimate is also up to 101. The cutoff points for BMI, WHR, and WHtR were 25.6, 0.52, and 0.94 in this study, respectively. Each population, depending on the race and ethnicity, has a different cutoff point for anthropometric indices related to the risk of developing diseases such as blood pressure. Different cutoff points are estimated for anthropometric indices. These differences may be due to the differences in lifestyle because of the dietary habits and physical activity of the population under the study as well as the differences in the study outcomes found in the prediction models. Cutting points that show the highest probability of predicting the risk of hypertension based on sensitivity and specificity were similar to recommended values.[13],[23] WC does not consider the person's height in the risk assessment, it was not significantly a good predictor for hypertension; therefore, it can be said that because the WHtR index considers the height of people in measuring body mass, in contrast to WC, is more sensitive than other anthropometric indices in identifying patients with hypertension. In this study, the prevalence of hypertension was 53.4%. In comparison with other parts of the country, the prevalence rate of hypertension was 23.7% in Tehran,[24] and 27.3% in Isfahan.[25] There is a significant difference in the prevalence of hypertension in different parts of the world. In the United States, it was 30.1%;[26] and in Canada, it was 21.6%.[27] The prevalence of hypertension in the study conducted by Ana was 44%.[13] Several studies have reported the increasing incidence of hypertension, especially in women in developing countries, including Iran. In this study, the abdominal obesity was one of the factors that influenced women's hypertension. Such studies confirm our results.[28],[29] In this study, age had a major risk of hypertension. Such studies have reported similar results.[24],[30] However, Anane's study did not report a significant relationship between the age and hypertension which may be due to differences in the age group of the study.[31] In the present study, there was a significant relationship between regular exercise and hypertension. Some studies reported inconsistent results with our study.[32],[33] Maybe few people in the two study groups had reported doing exercise in their leisure time. However, such studies have shown that by reducing physical activity, the risk of hypertension would increase.[31],[34] Hence, people, who do not have physical activity in the day, are twice more susceptible to having higher blood pressure. The present study shows that the number of pregnancies is one of the factors that increase the blood pressure in women. Such studies have reported similar results.[35] In this study, there was no significant relationship between female occupation and their education level with hypertension. The results of such studies contradicted our study.[31],[33]
Conclusion
Overall, this study indicated that BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR had affected on blood pressure in women since BMI had better surface area under the ROC curve. Since a significant percentage of people are unaware of the existence of hypertension, and controls of this disorder are not appropriate in many people, continuing education is needed to encourage people to pay more attention to this problem. Since obesity and hypertension are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the need for nutritional education with a change in attitude is necessary as a result of weight control and fitness. There were some limitations in this study. The main limitation of our study was its cross-sectional design, and it was impossible to show the cause–effect relationship. We propose a prospective study on a large population of men and women because this study has been done only on women.
Acknowledgment
This article was approved by the code “93P767” in North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The authors would like to thank all participants who participate in the present study.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
